Under this collection you will find materials written in languages identifiable with modern Malayalam or obtained from within the geographical boundary of modern Keralam. Physical copies of these materials may be found at various libraries and Museums in Keralam. A list of manuscripts from some of these libraries can be seen here. Granthappura (ഗ്രന്ഥപ്പുര), a digital archive managed by the Indic Digital Archive Foundation, also provides digital copies.

It is well documented that the geographical region identified as modern Keralam had a well-developed mathematical tradition, now known as the Kerala school of mathematics and astronomy. This school is thought to have been founded by a certain Mādhava of Sangamagrāma and developed original concepts akin to modern notions of infinite series and infinitesimals, among others. Its mathematical developments mostly focused on astronomical calculations. However, this tradition was likely rather exclusive and did not circulate widely among the general public. One may read more about this tradition in detail in the third part (Madhava and the Invention of Calculus) of the book by P. P. Divakaran titled The Mathematics of India: Concepts, Methods, Connections.

In parallel, a more accessible tradition of mathematics existed, closely tied to daily lives in both recreational and functional ways. This is particularly evident in the kanakkatikaram tradition, similar to that in Tamil-speaking regions. Additionally, trade relations between Keralam's coastal towns and various global centers likely fostered computational skills, especially for accounting. Sreejith E., in his thesis "Education in Kerala: Transition from Pre-Colonial to the Colonial Phase," speculates that such mathematical abilities and computational skills were present among the general public of medieval Kerala.

In our archive, we seek to curate materials more likely found among the general population. These include prescriptions and methods for calculating metrics and values related to social and public life, such as interest, grain measures, land measures, architecture, carpentry, and so on. How such knowledge traditions related to the rigid jati relations of Keralam society, including practices like untouchability and unapproachability, is something that requires deeper scholarly investigation.

Those would like to read more on history Mathematics within Keralam from this perspective may consult Prācīna Gaṇitam Kerāḷathil by C. K. Musad and Sreejith's thesis.

Our evolving collection is currently quite limited, but we hope it will grow as more people engage with it. Please write to us if you know of any materials that could enrich our collection.

❄️ - Malayalam

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Manuscript
Kanakkusaram Balaprabodham (കണക്കുസാരം ബാലപ്രബോധം)
This Kanakkusaram Balaprabodham is edited by C. Achyuta Menon and published by Government Oriental Manuscript Library. The editor does not mention the repository information of the corresponding palm leaf manuscript. This is similar to Kanakkusaram, but the editor notes that this is simpler. Additionally it contains some verses not in Kanakkusaram and it does not have some verses in Kanakkusaram. It is likely that the author of Kanakkusaram Balaprabodham is different from author of Kanakkusaram but that their sources are similar. The author of this text also mentions that the text is based on Kanakkatikaram and Lilavati. The version we link here is a digital copy of the text is housed at Granthapura - Kerala Digital Archive.
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Manuscript
Bhadradīpam/Bhadradīpakam
Bhadradīpam is an unpublished Kerala astronomical text with mathematical computations. It is written in Maṇipravāḷa verses which is a mixture both Sanskrit and Malayalam language. It comprises of eleven chapters.The author of the text is Iṭakramañceri Nampūtiri who belongs to Perumaṇpuṛa near Calicut. It contains the description of how to construct the armillary sphere ( Bhūgoḷa), the calculation of Kali year and Śaka year and the Palabhā (the equinoctial shadow of the gnomon) experiment.
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Collection
Encuvati
Like their Tamil counterparts Malayalam Eñcuvaṭi are also number primer with list of numbers, list of measures, addition and multiplication numbers. Malayalam Eñcuvaṭi is yet to be deeply studied.
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Manuscript
Kanakkusaram (കണക്കുസാരം -- Kaṇakkusāram)
This edited version of Kanakku Sāram is based on Palm Leaf Ms. D. No. 291 in the Govt. Oriental Ms. Library Madras. It is edited by C. Achyuta Menon and published by Government Oriental Manuscript Library. A digital copy of the text is housed at Granthapura - Kerala Digital Archive. The text does not name its author. However the author mentions that they base their compilation on the teachings of their Guru, Kaṇakkatikāram and Līlāvatī. The editor has grouped the verses under 6 Chapters. The verses which describes numbers or procedures are followed with problems often. An explanation to verses are often given in prose. The text appears to combine numbers from both Lilavati and Kanakkatikaram to produce a longer list of numbers. In addition to this it also deals with grain measures, gold measures and so on found in Kanakkatikaram texts. The text also refers to diversity in linear measures, in terms of how a kol may vary from place to place. Rule of three, Rule of five and above, the inverse rule of three etc are explicitly stated and many problems on the same are posed. The text also includes problems to compute interest rates, problems on muthukanakku (on computing value of pearls) and a variety of time measures among other things.
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